Research and development of crop protection machinery and chemical application technology in China
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摘要: 当今，中国农村存在家庭农场、小规模农业合作组织和国家农场3种经营模式，其植保机械与施药技术同其经营模式密切相关，尽管中国是农药生产与使用大国，全球排名第一，但落后的植保机械和农药使用技术与中国高速发展的现代化的农药生产水平不相适应，带来了农药有效利用率低、农产品中农药残留超标和环境污染等问题，在中国现代化的生产进程中，农药在中国农业与园林上的使用面临许多机遇与挑战。植保机械不同于其他农业机械，涉及农产品、环境与农药使用人员的安全，是一种精确农业作业机具。自2000年以来，中国政府借鉴欧美等发达国家的先进经验，成立专门的检测、管理部门和机构，负责农药的市场准入与使用规范标准的制订；近年来，国家科技部、农业农村部等加大了对植保机械与施药技术领域的投资力度，开发、研制了许多适合中国农业与园林上农药使用的新型机具与技术，并在生产中推广应用；中国政府已把植保机械与施药技术列入中国农民职业教育培训长期计划。Abstract: At present, there are three management patterns in Chinese agriculture, including household farm, small-scaled agricultural cooperation organization and national farm. The crop protection machinery and application technology are closely related to the management pattern. Although China has become the world's biggest agrochemical manufactory and consumer, the crop protection machinery and the application technology were less developed in China, which resulted in problems, such as low effective availability, pesticide residues in agricultural products and environmental pollution. Therefore, modern farming development in China confront both opportunities and challenges. Crop protection machinery is different from other agricultural machinery, because much more precision is required by the crop protection machinery to protect food quality, environment and personnel safety of pesticide application operator. After entry into World Trade Organization (WTO), experiences from the developed industrial countries has been used by the Chinese government to set up special inspection and management agency. The Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs have increased the investment in the field of crop protection machinery and application technology. A lot of new machinery and technology used for the pesticide application for the agriculture and horticulture in China have been developed and popularized. The crop protection machinery and application technology have been included in the farmer's vocational education training by the Chinese government.
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图 1 1997—2007年中国不同农药制剂使用情况 (2011年农业农村部统计数据)
Figure 1. Situation of pesticides usage in China during 1997—2007(Statistical data from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2011)
图 2 中国不同作物上农药制剂使用情况 (2016年农业农村部统计数据)
Figure 2. Situation of pesticides usage for different crops in China (Statistical data from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2016)
图 4 中国农业大学研发的新型高效植保装备
Figure 4. New R&D of high-efficiency sprayers prouduced by China Agricultural University
图 5 北京丰茂公司生产的自走式高地隙喷杆喷雾机 (16 m喷杆)
Figure 5. Self-propelled high clearance boom sprayer produced by Beijing Fengmao Company(16 m boom)
图 6 中国农业机械化研究院研发的自走式高地隙喷杆喷雾机 (12 m喷杆，2 m高地隙)
Figure 6. Self-propelled high clearance boom sprayer produced by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences(12 m boom, 2 m adjusted clearance)
图 7 中国植保无人机市场主要机型 (2019年)
Figure 7. Main models of plant protection UAVs in China (2019)
图 8 多旋翼植保无人机 (6~24旋翼，药箱容积5~20 L)
Figure 8. Motor multi-rotor for chemical application(6-24 rotors, 5-20 L tank volume)
图 9 丹麦哈滴公司生产的自走式“双风”防飘喷杆喷雾机 (喷杆24~44 m，药箱容积5 000 L)
Figure 9. Hardi self-propelled double flow anti-drift boom sprayer(24-44 m boom, 5 000 L tank volume)
图 10 精准变量喷雾自动控制系统
Figure 10. Electronic control system for precision variable chemical application
图 11 宽幅牵引式喷杆喷雾机(18 m喷幅，药箱容积5 000 L)
Figure 11. Wide-swath trail boom sprayer (18 m boom, 5 000 L tank volume)
图 12 高地隙自走式防飘喷杆喷雾机 (24 m喷幅，地隙2 m)
Figure 12. Self-propelled high-clearance boom sprayer (24 m boom, 2 m clearance)
图 14 适合于家庭农场生产可进行低容量喷雾的小型机动背负喷杆喷雾机
Figure 14. Small boom sprayer used in small householder for low volume chemical application in China
图 17 国产喷杆喷雾机上应用德国Lechler公司生产的ST120-04喷头与防飘ID120-04喷头进行玉米喷雾作业
Figure 17. Chinese boom sprayer working with Lechler ST120-24 and Anti-drift ID120-04 nozzle
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