Research and development of crop protection machinery and chemical application technology in China
-
摘要: 当今，中国农村存在家庭农场、小规模农业合作组织和国家农场3种经营模式，其植保机械与施药技术同其经营模式密切相关，尽管中国是农药生产与使用大国，全球排名第一，但落后的植保机械和农药使用技术与中国高速发展的现代化的农药生产水平不相适应，带来了农药有效利用率低、农产品中农药残留超标和环境污染等问题，在中国现代化的生产进程中，农药在中国农业与园林上的使用面临许多机遇与挑战。植保机械不同于其他农业机械，涉及农产品、环境与农药使用人员的安全，是一种精确农业作业机具。自2000年以来，中国政府借鉴欧美等发达国家的先进经验，成立专门的检测、管理部门和机构，负责农药的市场准入与使用规范标准的制订；近年来，国家科技部、农业农村部等加大了对植保机械与施药技术领域的投资力度，开发、研制了许多适合中国农业与园林上农药使用的新型机具与技术，并在生产中推广应用；中国政府已把植保机械与施药技术列入中国农民职业教育培训长期计划。Abstract: At present, there are three management patterns in Chinese agriculture, including household farm, small-scaled agricultural cooperation organization and national farm. The crop protection machinery and application technology are closely related to the management pattern. Although China has become the world's biggest agrochemical manufactory and consumer, the crop protection machinery and the application technology were less developed in China, which resulted in problems, such as low effective availability, pesticide residues in agricultural products and environmental pollution. Therefore, modern farming development in China confront both opportunities and challenges. Crop protection machinery is different from other agricultural machinery, because much more precision is required by the crop protection machinery to protect food quality, environment and personnel safety of pesticide application operator. After entry into World Trade Organization (WTO), experiences from the developed industrial countries has been used by the Chinese government to set up special inspection and management agency. The Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs have increased the investment in the field of crop protection machinery and application technology. A lot of new machinery and technology used for the pesticide application for the agriculture and horticulture in China have been developed and popularized. The crop protection machinery and application technology have been included in the farmer's vocational education training by the Chinese government.
-
图 1 1997—2007年中国不同农药制剂使用情况 (2011年农业农村部统计数据)
Figure 1. Situation of pesticides usage in China during 1997—2007(Statistical data from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2011)
图 2 中国不同作物上农药制剂使用情况 (2016年农业农村部统计数据)
Figure 2. Situation of pesticides usage for different crops in China (Statistical data from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2016)
图 4 中国农业大学研发的新型高效植保装备
Figure 4. New R&D of high-efficiency sprayers prouduced by China Agricultural University
图 5 北京丰茂公司生产的自走式高地隙喷杆喷雾机 (16 m喷杆)
Figure 5. Self-propelled high clearance boom sprayer produced by Beijing Fengmao Company(16 m boom)
图 6 中国农业机械化研究院研发的自走式高地隙喷杆喷雾机 (12 m喷杆，2 m高地隙)
Figure 6. Self-propelled high clearance boom sprayer produced by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences(12 m boom, 2 m adjusted clearance)
图 7 中国植保无人机市场主要机型 (2019年)
Figure 7. Main models of plant protection UAVs in China (2019)
图 8 多旋翼植保无人机 (6~24旋翼，药箱容积5~20 L)
Figure 8. Motor multi-rotor for chemical application(6-24 rotors, 5-20 L tank volume)
图 9 丹麦哈滴公司生产的自走式“双风”防飘喷杆喷雾机 (喷杆24~44 m，药箱容积5 000 L)
Figure 9. Hardi self-propelled double flow anti-drift boom sprayer(24-44 m boom, 5 000 L tank volume)
图 10 精准变量喷雾自动控制系统
Figure 10. Electronic control system for precision variable chemical application
图 11 宽幅牵引式喷杆喷雾机(18 m喷幅，药箱容积5 000 L)
Figure 11. Wide-swath trail boom sprayer (18 m boom, 5 000 L tank volume)
图 12 高地隙自走式防飘喷杆喷雾机 (24 m喷幅，地隙2 m)
Figure 12. Self-propelled high-clearance boom sprayer (24 m boom, 2 m clearance)
图 14 适合于家庭农场生产可进行低容量喷雾的小型机动背负喷杆喷雾机
Figure 14. Small boom sprayer used in small householder for low volume chemical application in China
图 17 国产喷杆喷雾机上应用德国Lechler公司生产的ST120-04喷头与防飘ID120-04喷头进行玉米喷雾作业
Figure 17. Chinese boom sprayer working with Lechler ST120-24 and Anti-drift ID120-04 nozzle
-
屠予钦. 化学防治技术研究进展[M]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆科技卫生出版社, 1992.TU Y Q. Research progress in chemical control technology[M]. Uygur: Xinjiang Science and Technology Health Press, 1992. 张从. 农业环境保护概论[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 1999.ZHANG C. Agricultural environmental protection[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 1999. 席运官, 钦佩. 有机农业生态工程[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2012.XI Y G, QIN P. Organic agricultural ecological engineering[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2012. 戴奋奋, 袁会珠. 植保机械与施药技术规范化[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2002.DAI F F, YUAN H Z. Plant protection machinery and application technical specifications[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2002. 杨学军, 严荷荣, 徐赛章, 等. 植保机械的研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 农业机械学报, 2002, 33(6): 129-131. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.2002.06.038YANG X J, YAN H R, XU S Z, et al. Current situation and development trend of equipment for crop protection[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Mach, 2002, 33(6): 129-131. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.2002.06.038 何雄奎. 改变我国植保机械和施药技术严重落后的现状[J]. 农业工程学报, 2004, 20(1): 13-15. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2004.01.003HE X K. Improving severe draggling actuality of plant protection machinery and its application techniques[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2004, 20(1): 13-15. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2004.01.003 邵振润, 何雄奎, 郭永旺. 我国施药机械与施药技术水平落后的现状亟待改进和提高[J]. 农业生物灾害预防与控制研究, 2005, 10: 752-755.SHAO Z R, HE X K, GUO Y W. The backwardness of the level of pesticide application machinery and application technology in China needs to be improved[J]. Agricultural Biohazard Prevention and Control Research, 2005, 10: 752-755. 李红军, 何雄奎, 周继忠, 等. 一种小型机动背负式喷杆喷雾机的性能试验[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2007, 12(2): 54-57. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1007-4333.2007.02.011LI H J, HE X K, ZHOU J Z, et al. Performance test of a small motor-boom-sprayer[J]. J China Agric Univ, 2007, 12(2): 54-57. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1007-4333.2007.02.011 张京, 何雄奎, 宋坚利, 等. 无人驾驶直升机航空喷雾参数对雾滴沉积的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2012, 43(12): 94-96. doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.12.017ZHANG J, HE X K, SONG J L, et al. Influence of spraying parameters of unmanned aircraft on droplets deposition[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Mach, 2012, 43(12): 94-96. doi: 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.12.017 何雄奎. 药械与施药技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2013.HE X K. Plant protection machinery and chemical application technology[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2013. 何雄奎. 第二届植保机械与施药技术国际学术研讨会论文集[C]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2010.HE X K. The Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop of Plant Protection Machinery and Application Techniques.[C]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2010. 郭永旺, 邵振润, 何雄奎. 植保机械与施药技术应用指南[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2015.GUO Y W, SHAO Z R, HE X K. Application guidelines for plant protection machinery and application technology[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2015. 王昌陵, 何雄奎, 王潇楠, 等. 基于空间质量平衡法的植保无人机施药雾滴沉积分布特性测试[J]. 农业工程学报, 2016, 32(24): 89-97. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.012WANG C L, HE X K, WANG X N, et al. Distribution characteristics of pesticide application droplets deposition of unmanned aerial vehicle based on testing method of deposition quality balance[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2016, 32(24): 89-97. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.012 李龙龙, 何雄奎, 宋坚利, 等. 基于变量喷雾的果园自动仿形喷雾机的设计与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(1): 70-76. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.009LI L L, HE X K, SONG J L, et al. Design and experiment of automatic profiling orchard sprayer based on variable air volume and flow rate[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2017, 33(1): 70-76. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.009 王潇楠, 何雄奎, 王昌陵, 等. 油动单旋翼植保无人机雾滴飘移分布特性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(1): 117-123. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.016WANG X N, HE X K, WANG C L, et al. Spray drift characteristics of fuel powered single-rotor UAV for plant protection[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2017, 33(1): 117-123. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.016 何雄奎. 植保无人机与施药技术[M]. 西安: 西北工业大学出版社, 2019.HE X K. Unmanned aerial vehicle of protection and chemical application[M]. Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnic University Press, 2019. 全国农业技术推广服务中心. 2017年病虫发生防治概况及2018年农药械市场分析[R]. 2017. MATTHEWS G A. Application of pesticides to crop[M]. London, England, 1999. DOI: 10.1142/p144 MATTHIES E H J, MEIER F. Agricultural engineering[M]. Year Book, Band 14, Muester, Germany, 2002. WILSON M F. Optimising pesticide use[M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003. DOI: 10.1002/0470871792 HE X K, SHAO Z R, LIANG D Y. Status and strategies of pesticides application in rural China[J]. Outlook Pest Man, 2004, 15(4): 157-158. doi: 10.1564/15aug06 LI H J, HE X K, ZENG A J, et al. Evidence of a female sex pheromone in Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)[J]. Can Entomol, 2008, 140(3): 324-326. doi: 10.4039/n08-005 秦冲, 陈雯雯, 何雄奎, 等. 近红外光谱分析中建模校正集的选择[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(10): 2661-2664. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2009)10-2661-04QIN C, CHEN W W, HE X K, et al. Study on a method of selecting calibration samples in NIR spectral analysis[J]. Spectrosc Spectr Anal, 2009, 29(10): 2661-2664. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2009)10-2661-04 HE X K, ZENG A J, LIU Y J, et al. Precision orchard sprayer based on automatically infrared target detecting and electrostatic spraying techniques[J]. Int J Agric & Bio Eng, 2011, 4(1): 35-40. ZHOU J, HE X, LANDERS A J. Dosage adjustment for pesticide application in vineyards[J]. Trans ASABE, 2012, 55(6): 2043-2049. doi: 10.13031/2013.42490 CHEN W L, UNSWORTH J, HE X K. Plant protection chemistry in China and the Asian Pacific region[J]. Chem Int, 2013, 33(5): 27-29. WANG S, DORR G J, KHASHEHCHI M, et al. Performance of selected agricultural spray nozzles using particle image velocimetry[J]. J Agric Sci Tech, 2015, 17: 601-613. 何雄奎. 第三届植保机械与施药技术国际学术研讨会论文集[C]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2014.HE X K. The proceedings of 3rd international workshop of plant protection machinery and application techniques[C]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2014. DORR G J, WANG S S, MAYO L C, et al. Impaction of spray droplets on leaves: influence of formulation and leaf character on shatter, bounce and adhesion[J]. Exp Fluids, 2015, 56(7): 143-160. doi: 10.1007/s00348-015-2012-9 HE X K, BONDS J, HERBST A, et al. Recent development of unmanned aerial vehicle for plant protection in East Asia[J]. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017, 10(3): 18-30. WANG S L, SONG J L, HE X K, et al. Performances evaluation of four typical unmanned aerial vehicles used for pesticide application in China[J]. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017, 10(4): 22-31. LI L L, HE X K, SONG J L, et al. Design and experiment of variable rate orchard sprayer based on laser scanning sensor[J]. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2018, 11(1): 101-108. doi: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3183 WANG C L, HE X K, WANG X N, et al. Testing method and distribution characteristics of spatial pesticide spraying deposition quality balance for unmanned aerial vehicle[J]. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018, 11(2): 18-26. -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 2551
- HTML全文浏览量: 1435
- PDF下载量: 219
- 被引次数: 0
