Screening and evaluation of smoke generators to control gray mold of Chinese chives
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摘要: 为筛选适合制备安全、高效防治韭菜上灰霉病烟剂的杀菌剂品种，从原药抑菌活性、烟雾毒力作用、成烟率、安全性和田间防效5个方面，对9种常用杀菌剂制备成韭菜灰霉病防治烟剂的可行性进行了评价。室内毒力测定结果表明：氟啶胺、咯菌腈和啶菌噁唑抑制韭菜灰霉病菌菌丝生长的EC50值分别为0.13、0.05和0.12 mg/L；吡唑萘菌胺、氟吡菌酰胺和啶酰菌胺抑制其孢子萌发的EC50值分别为0.84、0.68和1.16 mg/L。在0.108 m3 的密闭装置中，分别检测了0.01 g各杀菌剂有效成分受热成烟后烟雾的毒力，结果表明：咯菌腈烟雾可完全抑制韭菜灰霉病菌菌丝的生长，吡唑萘菌胺、氟吡菌酰胺和啶酰菌胺烟雾可完全抑制其孢子萌发，而腐霉利烟雾对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率仅分别为54.39%和43.27%。咯菌腈、啶酰菌胺和氟吡菌酰胺的成烟率分别为85.93%、91.35%和82.86%，基本满足烟剂的制备要求。经咯菌腈和啶酰菌胺烟雾处理后7 d，韭菜株高和茎粗的增加量与空白对照相比无显著差异。2019年和2020年的田间试验结果表明：有效成分120 g/hm2剂量的咯菌腈烟剂对韭菜灰霉病的治疗作用防效分别为72.31%和79.78%，375 g/hm2剂量啶酰菌胺烟剂对韭菜灰霉病的治疗作用防效分别为81.17%和83.81%，均高于已登记药剂腐霉利烟剂在最高登记剂量 (有效成分450 g/hm2)下对韭菜灰霉病的治疗作用防效 (59.86%和63.71%)；上述剂量下，3种烟剂对韭菜灰霉病的田间保护作用防效均在90%以上。咯菌腈和啶酰菌胺烟剂在韭菜植株上沉积分布均匀，其消解动态曲线符合一级反应动力学方程，半衰期均为3~4 d。推荐可将咯菌腈和啶酰菌胺加工成烟剂并登记用于韭菜灰霉病的防治。Abstract: Effective and safe smoke generators were urgently needed to control gray mold of Chinese chives. In this study, the feasibility of processing nine commonly used fungicides into smoke generator was evaluated from five aspects: inhibition activity of active compounds, toxicity of smoke, smoke formation rate, safety, and field control. The inhibition activity of active compounds results showed that EC50 values of fluazinam, fludioxonil, and pyrisoxazole against mycelial growth were 0.13, 0.05, and 0.12 mg/L; EC50 values of pyrazolamide, fluopyram, and boscalid against conidial germination were 0.84, 0.68, and 1.16 mg/L. In a 0.108 m3 containment device, the toxicity of the smoke of fungicides at the same dose of 0.01 g was tested, the results showed that with the same dose of 0.01 g, the mycelial growth were completely inhibited by smoked fludioxonil, while the conidial germination was completely inhibited by smoked pyrazolamide, fluopyram, and boscalid, the inhibition rates of registered procymidone smoke generator against mycelial growth and conidial germination were 54.39% and 43.27%. The smoking rate of fludioxonil, boscalid, and fluopyram were 85.93%, 91.35%, and 82.86%, which conform to the criterion of active ingredient for fabricating smoke generators. Seven days after fungicide smokes treatment, there was no significant difference in plant height and stem diameter of Chinese chives compared with the untreated control. The results of the field trials in 2019 and 2020 showed that the curative efficacy of active ingredient of 120 g/hm2 fludioxonil smoke generator to gray mold were 72.31% and 79.78%, and the curative efficacy of active ingredient of 375 g/hm2 boscalid smoke generator to gray mold were 81.17% and 83.81%. Their curative efficacy was all higher than the procymidone smoke generator at the highest registered dose (the active ingredient of 450 g/hm2), in the treatment of grey mold of Chinese chives (59.86% and 63.71%). At the above doses, the preventative efficacies of three smoke generators to control gray mold were all above 90%. The dissipation dynamics of curves of the fludioxonil and boscalid were both in line with the first-order kinetic equation. The both half-lives of fludioxonil and boscalid in Chinese chives plant were 3-4 d. It is recommended that fludioxonil and boscalid are processed into smoke generators and registered for the prevention and control of gray mold of Chinese chives.
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Key words:
- smoke generator /
- Chinese chives /
- gray mold /
- boscalid /
- fludioxonil /
- procymidone /
- control effect /
- residue
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图 3 杀菌剂烟雾对韭菜灰霉病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制率
Figure 3. Inhibition rate of fungicide smokes against the mycelial growth and conidial germination of B. squamosa
图 5 咯菌腈、啶酰菌胺和腐霉利烟剂对韭菜灰霉病的田间防治效果
注：不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。
Figure 5. Field control efficacy of fludioxonil, boscalid and procymidone smoke generators against gray mold of Chinese chives
Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
图 6 咯菌腈、啶酰菌胺和腐霉利烟剂在距施药点不同距离韭菜上的沉积分布 (A~E) 与残留消解动态(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)
注：不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。
Figure 6. Distribution (A-E) and degradation dynamics curve (Ⅰ-Ⅲ) of fludioxonil, boscalid and procymidone smoke generators on Chinese chives at different distances from the application site
Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
表 1 10种常用杀菌剂对韭菜灰霉病菌的EC50值
Table 1. EC50 values of 10 common fungicides against B. squamosa
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌丝生长
Mycelial growth孢子萌发
Conidial germination毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation
(y=)EC50/(mg/L) 毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation
(y=)EC50/(mg/L) 吡唑萘菌胺 isopyrazam 0.72x + 4.72 3.47 ± 0.05 0.73x + 5.05 0.84 ± 0.16 嘧霉胺 pyrimethanil 0.39x + 4.54 15.01 ± 0.15 0.67x + 3.90 42.95 ± 3.58 异菌脲 iprodione 0.47x + 4.51 11.32 ± 0.63 1.17x + 3.38 24.19 ± 2.51 氟啶胺 fluazinam 0.62x + 5.55 0.13 ± 0.02 0.98x + 3.94 12.22 ± 2.14 乙霉威 diethofencarb 0.59x + 4.85 10.81 ± 1.25 0.91x + 3.68 28.19 ± 2.94 咯菌腈 fludioxonil 0.71x + 5.91 0.05 ± 0.02 1.18x + 3.50 18.68 ± 3.21 啶菌噁唑 pyrisoxazole 0.65x + 5.56 0.12 ± 0.03 1.06x + 3.73 15.94 ± 1.54 氟吡菌酰胺 fluopyram 0.87x + 4.38 5.18 ± 0.26 0.67x + 5.11 0.68 ± 0.11 啶酰菌胺 boscalid 0.49x + 4.56 5.14 ± 2.01 0.68x + 4.95 1.16 ± 0.15 腐霉利 procymidone 0.94x + 3.72 22.58 ± 3.26 1.15x + 2.91 66.52 ± 6.31 
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表 2 不同剂量咯菌腈和啶酰菌胺烟雾施药对韭菜植株生长的影响
Table 2. Effects of applying smokes of different doses of fludioxonil and boscalid on the growth of Chinese chives
杀菌剂
Fungicide剂量
Dose/g株高
Plant height/cm茎粗
Stem diameter/mm药前
Before the treatment药后 7 d 增量
7 d increment after treatment药前
Before the treatment药后 7 d 增量
7 d increment after treatment咯菌腈 fludioxonil 0.01 22.00 ± 1.40 a 5.11 ± 0.17 a 3.50 ± 0.23 a 2.10 ± 0.02 a 0.02 21.66 ± 1.06 a 5.15 ± 0.21 a 3.54 ± 0.15 a 2.13 ± 0.02 a 0.04 22.23 ± 0.71 a 5.20 ± 0.14 a 3.52 ± 0.21 a 2.10 ± 0.02 a 啶酰菌胺 boscalid 0.01 22.02 ± 0.99 a 5.12 ± 0.15 a 3.47 ± 0.19 a 2.05 ± 0.04 a 0.02 21.79 ± 1.54 a 5.08 ± 0.61 a 3.47 ± 0.32 a 2.11 ± 0.03 a 0.04 22.12 ± 0.56 a 5.10 ± 0.13 a 3.48 ± 0.26 a 2.12 ± 0.02 a 对照 Control — 21.84 ± 0.33 a 5.13 ± 0.17 a 3.50 ± 0.14 a 2.10 ± 0.04 a 注：表中数据为平均值±标准差。同列数据后不同小写字母表示经 Duncan's 新复极差法检验在 0.05 水平上差异显著。Note: Date are mean ±SD. Different lowercase letters after the same column of data indicated significant differences at 0.05 level by Duncan's new multiple range test.
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表 3 两种施药方式下各杀菌剂对韭菜灰霉病的田间保护作用和治疗作用防治效果
Table 3. Protective and curative effects of fungicides applied in two methods on gray mold of Chinese chives in the field
杀菌剂
Fungicide剂量
Dose, a.i./
(g/hm2)保护作用
Protective effect治疗作用
Curative effect末次施药后 21 d
21days after the last treatment药前病情指数
Disease index
before treatment末次施药后 7 d
7days after the last treatment病情指数
Disease index防治效果
Control effect/%病情指数
Disease index防治效果
Control effect/%10% 咯菌腈烟剂
fludioxonil 10% FU60 1.54 ± 0.17 e 85.38 ± 1.86 d 5.07 ± 0.27 a 13.37 ± 0.46 c 65.13 ± 1.08 de 120 0.60 ± 0.16 gh 94.30 ± 1.38 ab 5.14 ± 0.18 a 7.87 ± 0.20 e 79.78 ± 0.65 b 50% 咯菌腈可湿性粉剂
fludioxonil 50% WP60 8.36 ± 0.17 b 20.70 ± 0.37 g 4.84 ± 0.30 a 15.81 ± 0.24 b 56.86 ± 0.11 f 120 5.47 ± 0.10 c 48.10 ± 0.67 f 4.97 ± 0.33 a 9.45 ± 0.40 d 74.85 ± 0.93 c 10% 啶酰菌胺烟剂
boscalid 10% FU225 2.02 ± 0.23 d 80.79 ± 2.49 e 5.33 ± 0.25 a 13.10 ± 0.58 c 67.50 ± 1.46 d 375 1.03 ± 0.18 fg 90.24 ± 1.85 bc 4.80 ± 0.27 a 5.88 ± 0.39 c 83.81 ± 1.02 a 50% 啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂
boscalid 50% WG225 1.24 ± 0.19 ef 88.29 ± 1.59 cd 4.87 ± 0.29 a 13.65 ± 0.40 c 62.93 ± 1.72 e 375 0.53 ± 0.13 h 95.02 ± 1.11 a 5.28 ± 0.21 a 9.13 ± 0.45 d 77.15 ± 1.29 bc 10% 腐霉利烟剂
procymidone 10% FU450 0.53 ± 0.12 h 94.96 ± 1.24 a 5.04 ± 0.20 a 13.85 ± 0.23 c 63.71 ± 0.84 e 对照 CK — 10.55 ± 0.19 a — 5.27 ± 0.21 a 39.87 ± 0.36 a — 注：表中数据为平均值±标准差。同列数据后不同小写字母表示经 Duncan's 新复极差法检验在 0.05 水平上差异显著。Note: Date are mean ±SD. Different lowercase letters after the same column of data indicated significant differences at 0.05 level by Duncan's new multiple range test.
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