山药根结线虫病发生动态及根层施药防治技术研究

李信申; 曾荣; 方文生; 陈建; 曹坳程; 华菊玲

doi:10.16801/j.issn.1008-7303.2021.0186

山药根结线虫病发生动态及根层施药防治技术研究

doi: 10.16801/j.issn.1008-7303.2021.0186

李信申^1,,
曾荣¹,
方文生²,
陈建¹,
曹坳程^2, ,,
华菊玲^1, ,

1.
江西省农业科学院植物保护研究所，南昌 330200
2.
中国农业科学院植物保护研究所，北京 100193

基金项目: 江西省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目 (JXARS-19-03)；国家重点研发计划 (2017YFD0201606)；国家自然科学基金 (31972313).

详细信息

作者简介:
李信申，lixinshen0@163.com

通讯作者:
曹坳程，caoac@vip.sina.com

华菊玲，huajl2000@126.com.

中图分类号: S482.5
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-26
- 录用日期: 2021-11-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-23
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-01

Study on occurrence dynamics of yam root-knot nematode disease and its control technology under root irrigation

1.
Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
2.
Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

Funds: Jiangxi Agriculture Research System (JXARS-19-03), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0201606), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972313).

摘要

摘要: 根结线虫病是山药生产上的顽固性重发病害，严重制约了山药产业优质高效发展。为制定精准的药剂防治技术，以‘瑞山药’为供试品种，在江西瑞昌和南昌建立试验点，采集、鉴定试验点供试田块山药根结线虫种类，监测土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)数量消长动态及山药根结线虫病发生动态，进行病害药剂防治适期研究和施药技术研发。结果表明，试验点供试田块山药根结线虫种类均为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita。山药生长期间，土壤中J2数量呈持续增长态势。山药根系多于5月下旬(山药齐苗期)开始发病；块茎于6月中下旬开始发病，之后块茎病情持续大幅增长。以山药齐苗时及其后60 d左右各施药1次为最佳防治适期，41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂(有效成分1426 g/hm²)、30%噻唑膦微囊悬浮剂(有效成分2925 g/hm²) 的防治效果分别达81.56%~83.43%和75.95%~77.16%。采用研发的山药根层均匀施药技术用药2次(30%噻唑膦微囊悬浮剂(有效成分 2 925g/hm²) + 100亿芽孢/克坚强芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(有效成分12000 g/hm²)、41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂(有效成分1426 g/hm²))的防治效果达81%以上，显著高于前期采用滴灌后期采用根层均匀施药技术处理、2次滴灌施药处理以及2次常规灌根施药处理的防治效果。
- 山药 /
- 根结线虫病 /
- 发生动态 /
- 防治适期 /
- 根层施药 /
- 防治效果
Abstract: Root-knot nematode disease is a stubborn and easily recurring disease in yam production and severely restricts the high-quality development of the yam industry. To develop an accurate control technology, this study focused on Ruichang yam and established test sites in Ruichang and Nanchang of Jiangxi Province for the collection and identification of the different root-knot nematodes. Population dynamics of the 2nd instar larvae (J2) of root-knot nematode were observed in the soils and the dynamics of nematode infection on yam were monitored in the fields for the determination of the appropriate control periods and the development of effective spraying technology in the fields. The result indicated the nematode isolates in the soils were southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). The J2 populations showed a continuous increase during the whole growth period of yam in the soils. Yam root infections by root-knot nematode occurred mostly in late May (seedling stage) and sick yam tubers appeared in mid-to-late June, then, the severity of the sick yam tubers continued to increase significantly. The critical periods for root-knot nematode control were at the neatly-grown seedling stage and the following 60 days and one application for each. The control efficacy of 41.7% fluopyram suspension (active ingredient amount 1426 g/hm²) and 30% thiazophos microcapsule suspension (active ingredient amount 2925 g/hm²) were 81.56%-83.43% and 75.95%-77.16%, respectively. The application of 30% thiazophos microcapsule suspension (active ingredient amount 2925 g/hm²) combined with 10 billion spores/gram of Bacillus firmus wettable powder (active ingredient amount 12000 g/hm²), and 41.7% fluopyram suspension (active ingredient amount 1426 g/hm²) with newly generated twice uniform root irrigation technology improved the control efficacy to more than 81%, which is significantly higher than the combination of drip irrigation at the early stage and root irrigation at the later stage, two drip irrigation and two conventional root irrigation.
- yam /
- root-knot nematode disease /
- occurrence dynamics /
- optimum control period /
- uniform root irrigations /
- control efficacy

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图 1 山药根结线虫种类鉴定及致病性测定

A. 山药根结线虫种类鉴定结果。M：DL2 000 DNA Marker ；−：阴性对照； + ：阳性对照 (M. incognita JXMI01)；1~45：9个地块DNA样本。B. 根结线虫J2接种山药苗根系发病症状。C. 空白对照。

Figure 1. Specie identification and pathogenicity determination of root-knot nematodes in yam

A. Identification results of the species of root knot nematodes in yam. M: DL2 000 DNA Marker; −: Negative control; + : Positive control (M. incognita JXMI01); 1-45: DNA samples from 9 plots. B. Symptoms of root-knot nematode J2 inoculated seedling root of yam. C. Blank control for pathogenicity determination.

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图 2 山药根结线虫病病情指数增长动态 (2019—2020，南昌和瑞昌)

Figure 2. Growth dynamics of disease indexes of yam root-knot nematode disease (2019-2020, Nanchang and Ruichang)

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表 1 2019和2020年施药时间及用药剂量

Table 1. Dosages and spraying times of nematicide between 2019 and 2020

处理 Treatment	供试药剂 Nematicide	2019 瑞昌市范镇范镇村 Fanzhen hamlet, Fan town, Ruichang city, 2019		2020 瑞昌市高丰镇乐丰村 Lefeng hamlet, Gaofeng town, Ruichang city, 2020		2020 南昌县小兰乡涂家村 Tujia hamlet, Xiaolan village, Nanchang county, 2020
		施药日期 Application time		施药日期 Application time		施药日期 Application time
		第 1 次 First	第 2 次 Second	第 1 次 First	第 2 次 second	第 1 次 First	第 2 次 Second
A	41.7% 氟吡菌酰胺 SC (有效成分1426 g/hm²) fluopyram 41.7% SC (1 426 g a.i./hm²)	4 月 26 日 April 26	6 月 23 日 June 23	4 月 24 日 April 24	6 月 26 日 June 26	4 月 25 日 April 25	6 月 21 日 June 21
B		5 月 22 日 May 22	—	5 月 24 日 May 24	—	5 月 22 日 May 22	—
C		5 月 22 日 May 22	7 月 29 日 July 29	5 月 24 日 May 24	7 月 31 日 July 31	5 月 22 日 May 22	7 月 26 日 July 26
D		6 月 23 日 June 23	8 月 30 日 August 30	6 月 26 日 June 26	8 月 29 日 August 29	6 月 21 日 June 21	8 月 27 日 August 27
E	30% 噻唑膦微囊 SC (有效成分2925 g/hm²) fosthiazate 30% SC (2 925 g a.i./hm²）	4 月 26 日 April 26	6 月 23 日 June 23	4 月 24 日 April 24	6 月 26 日 June 26	4 月 25 日 April 25	6 月 21 日 June 21
F		5 月 22 日 May 22	—	5 月 24 日 May 24	—	5 月 22 日 May 22	—
G		5 月 22 日 May 22	7 月 29 日 July 29	5 月 24 日 May 24	7 月 31 日 July 31	5 月 22 日 May 22	7 月 26 日 July 26
H		6 月 23 日 June 23	8 月 30 日 August 30	6 月 26 日 June 26	8 月 29 日 August 29	6 月 21 日 June 21	8 月 27 日 August 27
CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
注：处理A、处理E第1次施药时间为山药萌芽前，处理B、C、F和G第1次施药时间为山药齐苗期，处理D和H第1次施药时间为山药齐苗后30 d左右。下同。Note: Group A and E were firstly treated with nematicides before the germinating stage. Group B, C, F and G were firstly treated with nematicides at the neatly-grown seedling stage. Group D and H were firstly treated with nematicides at 30 d after the neatly-grown seedling stage. The same as below.

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表 2 土壤根结线虫2龄幼虫 (J2) 数量消长动态 (2019)

Table 2. Population dynamics of the 2nd instar larvae (J2) of yam root-knot nematode in the soils (2019)

监测地点 Location	1 月下旬 Late January	4 月中旬 Mid-April	6 月下旬 Late June	8 月下旬 Late August	10 月下旬 Late October
瑞昌市范镇范镇村 Fanzhen hamlet, Fan town, Ruichang city	65.33±11.37	325.00±38.69	247.67±44.30	446.67±63.58	527.33±42.15
南昌县小兰乡涂家村 Tujia hamlet, Xiaolan village, Nanchang county	47.67±13.32	207.33±22.40	144.67±8.08	331.67±22.59	363.67±33.56
注：表中数据为平均值±标准误差。Note: The data in the table are mean±SE.

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表 3 不同施药时间对山药根结线虫病的防治效果

Table 3. The control efficacy of different spraying times of nematicides on yam root-knot nematode disease

处理 Treatment	2019·瑞昌市范镇范镇村 Fanzhen hamlet, Fan town, Ruichang city		2020·瑞昌市高丰镇乐丰村 Lefeng hamlet, Gaofeng town, Ruichang city		2020·南昌县小兰乡涂家村 Tujia hamlet, Xiaolan village, Nanchang county
处理 Treatment	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficacy/%	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficacy/%	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficacy%
A	13.45±0.90	70.56±1.97 b	16.70±1.13	70.16±2.01 b	13.92±0.79	71.17±1.64 b
B	30.26±1.20	33.76±2.62 d	40.53±1.60	27.56±2.86 d	32.98±1.26	31.68±2.61 d
C	7.70±0.97	83.15±2.14 a	10.31±0.97	81.56±1.72 a	8.00±0.27	83.43±0.55 a
D	20.13±1.09	55.95±2.40 c	26.33±0.98	52.95±1.75 c	21.31±0.94	55.85±1.95 c
E	19.57±1.10	57.18±2.40 b	25.47±1.43	55.49±2.56 b	19.72±0.87	59.15±1.81 b
F	35.01±1.54	23.36±3.25 d	45.07±1.31	19.44±2.33 d	37.39±1.37	22.53±2.85 d
G	10.84±0.84	76.27±1.85 a	13.45±1.08	75.95±1.92 a	11.03±1.11	77.16±2.31 a
H	22.76±1.02	50.19±2.23 c	30.19±1.20	46.03±2.11 c	23.25±1.17	51.83±2.43 c
CK	45.69±1.91	—	55.95±1.38	—	48.27±1.55	—
注：表中数据为平均值±标准误差。同列后不同小写字母表示经Duncan氏新复级差法检验在P<0.05水平差异显著。Note: Data in the table are mean±SE．Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test.

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表 4 不同施药方法组合对山药根结线虫病的防治效果

Table 4. The control efficacy of different spraying methods of nematicides on yam root-knot nematode disease

处理 Treatment	施药方法组合 Combined application method		瑞昌市高丰镇乐丰村 Lefeng hamlet, Gaofeng town, Ruichang city		南昌县小兰乡涂家村 Tujia hamlet, Xiaolan village, Nanchang county
处理 Treatment	第 1 次 First	第 2 次 Second	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficacy/%	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Control efficacy/%
Ⅰ	Ea	Ea	9.69±0.58	81.47±1.11 a	7.72±0.68	82.80±1.52 a
Ⅱ	Di	Ea	12.87±0.85	75.39±1.62 b	10.12±0.55	77.44±1.23 b
Ⅲ	Di	Di	16.92±0.73	67.65±1.40 c	14.01±0.75	68.76±1.68 c
Ⅳ	Wr	Wr	29.21±1.28	52.31±0.98 d	23.01±0.57	48.71±1.27 d
CK	—	—	52.31±0.98	—	44.86±1.29	—
注：Ea、Di、Wr分别指根层均匀施药、滴灌施药和灌根施药。“—”表示无数据。表中数据为平均值±标准误差。同列后不同小写字母表示经Duncan氏新复级差法检验在P<0.05水平差异显著。Note: Ea, Di and Wr indicate the treatments of uniform spraying to yam root layers, drip irrigation, and root irrigation, respectively. “—” indicates no data. Data in the table are mean±SE. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P<0. 05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test.

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